(ebook-) Learn Greek Lesson - 8(1), Język Grecki
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
8
Feminine Nouns
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 3)
Lesson Eight Overview
§8.0
Introduction, 223
§8.1
General Observations, 224
§8.2
Flow Chart, 225
§8.3
The
Alpha
Pure Pattern, 226
§8.4
The
ta
Pure Pattern, 233
§8.5
The Hybrid Pattern, 238
§8.6 Summary of Feminine First Declension, 241
§8.7
Declension-Paradigm Notation, 244
§8.8 Vocabulary Study, 245
Study Guide, 248
§8.0 Introduction
Lessons Six and Seven examined second declension nouns. Second
declension nouns encompassed all three genders, masculine, feminine,
and neuter nouns, whose nominal stem ended with an
omkron
. Three
paradigms were set forth for second declension nouns as they inflected for
case, gender and number. These paradigms were designated as n-2a
(masculine nouns), n-2b (feminine nouns), and n-2c (neuter nouns).
We now come to a new declension, the first declension. Nouns of this
declension will also have different paradigms as they inflect for case,
gender and number. However, the pattern of first declension noun endings
will differ from those of the second declension.
First declension nouns differ from second declension nouns in several
respects. First, feminine nouns dominate the declension with masculine
nouns in a remote second. Second, there are not any neuter nouns in the
first declension. Third, while the
omkron
sound dominated the second
declension, the
alpha
or
ta
sounds control the first declension. Finally, all
first declension feminine nouns exhibit identical case-number suffixes.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 3)
First Declension Nouns (Module A)
Lesson 8: First Declension Nouns (Module A) Page 224
Feminine nouns
________________________________________________________________
Eight different noun patterns are in the first declension, reflected in eight
different paradigms. However, only three of these eight will be examined
in this lesson, with the remaining five studied in Lesson Nine. The
essential distinction between these paradigms is due to phonetic changes
in the singular inflectional forms. These phonetic changes involve the
alpha
changing to
ta
throughout the singular, while in a few other nouns
the
alpha
becomes
ta
in the genitive and dative singular only.
§8.1 General Observations of First Declension Nouns
1. Nominal stems belonging to the first declension terminate with either
the vowel
alpha
or
ta
.
2. The first declension is often called the
alpha
-declension
since most
nouns belonging to this declension terminate with the vowel
alpha
before the case endings are appended.
3. The first declension is composed mostly of feminine nouns.
Masculine nouns are only about thirty percent of all first declension
nouns.
There are not any neuter nouns in the first declension
.
4. The nominative singular is the lexical entry for all first declension
nouns, whether feminine or masculine.
5. Eight different paradigms are in the first declension. These are
designated as n-1a, n-1b, n-1c, n-1d, n-1e, n-1f, n-1g and n-1h.
6.
Regardless of the nominal stem, all feminine nouns are inflected
identically according to their number and case
.
7. The article inflects to modify both feminine and masculine first
declension nouns according to gender, number and case.
8. The nominative and vocative singular forms have no case ending.
Their forms are identical to the lexical entry.
9. Vocative plurals are identical to nominative plural case endings.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 3)
Lesson 8: First Declension Nouns (Module A) Page 225
Feminine nouns
________________________________________________________________
§8.2 Flow Chart for First Declension Feminine Nouns
W hat vowel terminates
the nominative singular
f eminine noun?
`
g
Does
epsilon
,
iota
or
rho
precede the
alpha
?
n-1b
Yes
No
e vmg/ evm`h/
e vmg<i evmv}m
e vmg{< evm`h<i
e vmg/m evm`&i
e vmg/ evm`h/
n-1a
d`
n-1c
cvqd`& cvqd`
h
/
cvqd`
}i
cvqdv }m
cvqd`{}
cvqd`h<i
cvqd`
&
cn/b` cn /b`h
cn/bgi cn bv }m
cn/bg{ cn /b`hi
cn/b`m cn /b`i
cn/b` cn/b`h
n-1a
h`
This flow chart illustrates
the simplicity for determining
the paradigm a fi rst dec lension
feminine noun wi ll follow.
j`qch/` j`qch/`h
j`qch/`i j`qchv}m
j`qch/`{ j`qch/`hi
j`qch/`m j`qch/`i
j`qch/` j`qch/`h
A maximum of two decisions is
necessary to determine the correct
paradigm for these nouns.
These paradigms represent 99.99%
of all first declension feminine nouns.
n-1a
q`
Regardl ess which paradigm a
first declension feminine noun
follows (n-1a, n-1b, 1c), the plural case
endings for all three are identical.
v#q` v#q`h
v#q`i v(qv }m
v#q`{ v#q`hi
v#q`m v#q`i
v#q` v#q`h
Explanati on for the shift of accents
for first declension nouns, as well as
for second declension nouns,
will be presented in Lesson Ten.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 3)
&m
cvqd`&i
cvqd`& cvqd`h/
v#q` vzq`h
v#q`i v(qv}m
v#q`{ v#q`hi
v#q`m v#q`i
v#q` vzq`h
Lesson 8: First Declension Nouns (Module A) Page 226
Feminine nouns
________________________________________________________________
§8.3 First Declension Feminine
Alpha
Pure Nouns (
n-1a)
Except for three contracted noun stems, all feminine nouns in the first
declension that terminate with the
`
-pure stem are uncontracted. These
stems represent the bulk of first declension nouns; for this reason, the first
declension is usually identified as the
alpha
-declension.
Most first declension feminine noun stems, whose last letter before the
stem vowel is either a vowel or
rh
,
and has the abbreviated genitive
singular
-`i
terminate with a long
alpha
. However, forty-seven vocalic
stems terminate with a short
alpha
. No phonological explanation exists
why the long
alpha
sometimes becomes short. In these instances, the
alpha
is short in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular, and the
noun is accented with the acute on the antepenult lexical form (
e.g.
`)kg/pdh`
). Whether the
alpha
is long or short, all first declension feminine
`-
pure nouns are designated as n-1a.
A vowel comparison between feminine singular stems with their respective
case-number endings, terminating with a long or short
alpha
, may be
represented in the chart below. The actual singular case-number inflected
endings are represented in red. The macron above the vowel represents a
long
alpha
and the v, a short
alpha
.
Singular
n-1a
Long Stem
Alpha
Short Stem
Alpha
Nominative
`
`
Genitive
`
i
`
i
Dative
`
{
{
(
ita
subscript)
`
{
{
(
ita
subscript)
Accusative
`
m
`
m
Vocative
`
`
Regardless of the vocalic quality of the
alpha
in the singular form, all first
declension plural nouns are inflected identically in their respective case-
number endings.
Some nouns of foreign origin whose stems do not terminate with a vowel
or
rh
also use the
`
-pure inflected case-number endings (cf. §8.3.4).
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 3)
{{
{{
Lesson 8: First Declension Nouns (Module A) Page 227
Feminine nouns
________________________________________________________________
§8.3.1
Case formation.
The case endings for
`
-pure first declension
feminine nouns are also identical to n-1b and n-1c first declension feminine
nouns. The case endings are indicated below in red. Comments about
their formation follow. The feminine noun
v#q`
serves for the n-1a
paradigm.
v#q`
,
-`i
-`i
,
g8
g8
(hour)
v(q`
+ case ending
n-1a
Singular
Plural
Nominative
v#q`
1, 2
vzq`
h
6
Genitive
v#q`
i
3
v(q
v
}
m
7
Dative
v#q`
{
v#q`
h
<
i
Accusative
v#q`
m
v#q`
i
3
Vocative
v#q`
1, 5
vzq`
h
6
1. The stems of first declension uncontracted feminine nouns terminating
with
alpha
(long or short) are identical both in their nominative and
vocative singular forms. The nominative and vocative singular forms do
not exhibit any inflected case-number ending. The
alpha
which
terminates these nouns is actually the stem vowel. Few introductory
NTGreek grammars posit that the case ending for first declension
nominative and vocative ending terminates with
-`
. They do this with
the hope it will help the beginning student, but in the end, it actually
hinders.
2. The accented nominative singular form is the lexical entry for all first
declension feminine nouns. In a Greek-English lexicon, its abbreviated
genitive singular follows to indicate its declension-paradigm pattern,
and an article to specify its grammatical gender.
3. The feminine genitive singular and accusative plural case endings are
inflected identically. Normally context or modifying words will help
determine its proper case function. Furthermore, when first declension
nouns are accented on the ultima in the nominative singular, they
regularly have the circumflex on the genitive singular and the acute
accent on the accusative plural (
cvqd`}i
/
cvqd`&i
).
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 3)
v#q`
-`i
g8
{{
{
4
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]