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7
Feminine and Neuter Nouns
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2)
Lesso
n Seven Overview
§7.0
Introduction, 193
§7.1 Second Declension Feminine Nouns, 194
§7.2 Second Declension Neuter Nouns, 199
§7.3 Second Declension Paradigm Overview, 205
§7.4 Review of Second Declension Nouns, 206
§7.5 Flow Chart For Second Declension Nouns, 213
§7.6
NTGreek Language Study Tools, 214
§7.7
Vocabulary Study, 215
Study Guide, 217
§7.0 Introduction
The acquisition of a new language is difficult. This difficulty is
compounded if it is not heard and spoken on a regular basis.
Because of these special challenges, it will take repeated
exposures to new elements of NTGreek grammar before
understood. Make no mistake about it; acquiring a new
language and the skills required is a daunting task! Any
grammar positing anything different is selling something.
Many enthusiastic students soon realize they are swimmingif not
perhaps drowningin information. Out of frustration, they blame
themselves and think they are not intelligent enough or too old to tackle
Greek. What they do not realize is that this is the natural learning process.
Babies are at first engulfed in a sea of meaningless noise before they
gradually learn to detect and recognize meaningful sounds as words.
Instead of frustration, the proper response is to continue to be enthusiastic
and inquisitive about what you are learning, just like a child!
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2)
InTheBeginning.org
Second Declension Nouns (Module B)
Lesson 7: The Second Declension (Module B) Page 194
Feminine and Neuter Nouns
________________________________________________________________
Those studying NTGreek on their own may become unsure what they are
learning, especially when there is no authoritative source in their
immediate vicinity to ask questions and gain needed reassurance that they
are on the right path. This uneasiness may continue until a language
threshold is achieved. When this will occur depends upon the individual
and the amount of time spent studying and practicing of the language.
However, if the student does not quit, this threshold will be achieved.
People have different levels of ability and different rates of progress. Be
encouraged! The God of creation delights in diversity and variety and
perfectionism is not a prerequisite to learn Greek. If perfectionism was a
requirement (or to write a Greek grammar), then we all should stop now!
Do not compare yourself with someone elses ability; enjoy what you are
learning by keeping in mind the purpose for your language study.
Everyone needs Gods grace of perseverance to learn and understand the
Greek New Testament, including this author.
§7.1 Second Declension Feminine Nouns
Lesson Six introduced the Greek nominal system, that not all nouns are
inflected in the same manner. Those patterns which are alike or nearly
alike when inflected are grouped together into one of three declensions,
either first, second or third declension. A substantives declension is
determined by its stem termination, whether with a vowel (first and second
declension) or a consonant (third declension).
Any noun may correctly be called a substantive. A substantive
is an all-inclusive term for any part of speech that functions as a
noun. Other parts of speech other may also function
substantivally within a syntactical context, such as adjectives,
pronouns, participles, infinitives, and at times the article itself.
Nominal stems ending with the vowel
omkron
belong to the second
declension. The great majority of these are masculine or neuter in gender.
However, over sixty nouns in the second declension are feminine. The
feminine case endings are introduced next before neuter second
declension nouns, because they are inflected in the same way that
masculine nouns of the same declension.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2)
Lesson 7: The Second Declension (Module B) Page 195
Feminine and Neuter Nouns
________________________________________________________________
§7.1.1 Second declension feminine paradigm.
The case endings for all
(uncontracted) second declension feminine nouns are indicated below in
red for easier identification. Summary comments concerning their
formation follow which are identical to (uncontracted) masculine nouns of
the same declension. The feminine noun,
n8cn/i
serves as the n-2b
paradigm. These case endings may be used with any feminine noun in the
Vocabulary Study of this lesson.
n8cn/i
,
-nt<
-nt<
,
g8
g8
(road, way, journey, conduct)
n8cn
+ case ending
n-2b
Singular
Plural
Article
Noun
Article
Noun
Nominative
g8 n8cn/
i
1
`h8 n8cn
h
/
Genitive
sg<i n8c
nt
<
<
2
sv}m n8c
v
}
}
m
3
Dative
sg<{
n8c
v
}
{
4
s`h<i n8cn
h
<
<
i
Accusative
sg[m n8cn/
m
s`^i n8cn
t
/
/
i
5
Vocative
n8c
d
/
/
6
`h8 n8cn
h
/
/
7
1. All case endings are appended to the nominative singular stem. The
nominative singular form is the lexical form for all forms of the
paradigm. This is true for all nouns, regardless of declension.
2. The actual case form ending is
omkron
. However due to the undesired
combination with the stem vowel
omkron
, contraction occurs.
3. The stem vowel
omkron
has been irregularly absorbed by the
mega
,
and not because of contraction as in the genitive singular.
4. At some time during the morphological development of the dative
singular case ending, the stem vowel
omkron
lengthened to
mega
,
with the
ita
retained as an
ita
subscript.
5. The actual case ending is
-mi
. However,
n
drops out when
immediately followed by
sigma
because of phonology. The stem vowel
omkron
is lengthened to
nt
to compensate for the loss of the
n
.
6. The
epslon
irregularly replaces the stem vowel
omkron
.
7. The vocative and nominative plural share case endings. Context
(function), and not form, determines meaning.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2)
n8cn/i
-nt<
g8g8
}}
Lesson 7: The Second Declension (Module B) Page 196
Feminine and Neuter Nouns
________________________________________________________________
It should be carefully observed that the inflectional endings used for
second declension masculine nouns are identical to second declension
feminine nouns, except that the feminine gender of the noun is indicated
by the appropriate feminine article. The determining factor between these
two genders is lexical. Gender cannot be predicted in nouns!
The identical case endings of masculine and feminine second declension
nouns may be easily seen with a side-by-side comparison.
Singular
Singular
Plural
Plural
Nominative
`!mpqvon
i
n8cn
i
`!mpqvon
h
n8cn
h
/
Genitive
`)mpqv&o
nt
nnt
vm
n8c
v
}
m
Dative
`)mpqv&o
v
}{ n8c
v
{}
`)mpqv&on
hi
hi
n8cn
h
<
i
Accusative
`!mpqvon
m
n8cn/
m
`)mpqv&on
ti
ti
n8cn
t
/
i
Vocative
`!mpqvo
d
n8c
d
/
`?mpqvon
h
n8cn
h
/
§7.1.2 Agreement
. When any modifiers, such as an article, modify
second declension feminine nouns, they too are feminine. The reason for
this is
grammatical concord
. Because of the necessity of grammatical
concord, all modifiers must be inflected to correspond to the substantive it
modifies grammatically. Therefore, the article is always aligned in case,
gender, and number to the case, gender, and number of the substantive.
Grammatical discord like
n8 n8cn/i
or
snt< n8cnt<
will never be encountered in
NTGreek, because in both of these examples, the nouns gender is
feminine and the article is masculine. Only the masculine article may
modify masculine substantives, and the feminine article, feminine
substantives. It will become evident as the lessons progress that concord
plays a larger role in NTGreek than in English because of its highly
developed inflected morphological system.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2)
nt
n8c
nt
`)mpqv&o
vm
nnt
nt
<
vvm
hhi
tti
Lesson 7: The Second Declension (Module B) Page 197
Feminine and Neuter Nouns
________________________________________________________________
§7.1.3 Lexical form.
The lexical form of second declension feminine
nouns, like their masculine counterparts, is the nominative singular form.
The nominative singular form
is the lexical entry, followed
by the genitive singular, and
then the article.
The above lexical citation is from
(1979:553).
The lexical form for all nouns is their nominative singular form.
The Greek-English lexicon lists only one form for each word rather
than all the forms of every paradigm. For example, if the form
n8cnt<
is encountered in the Greek text, one would have to know
that
n8cnt<
comes from
n8cn/i
in order to look up the words
definition. This is similar for looking up a word in an English
dictionary. For example, to look up the definition for women,
one would have to know that this plural noun is from the singular
woman to find its definition. Therefore, the recommended
method to learn the gender of a Greek noun is to memorize
always the gender of the definite article which is grammatically
associated with its nominative singular form. The gender of any
noun should not be assumed.
§7.1.4 Stems of second declension feminine nouns.
Except for one
irregular second declension feminine forms, all stems of second
declension feminine nouns terminate with an
omkron
. Their vocalic stem
termination is identical to second declension (uncontracted) masculine
nouns. The appropriate case endings are added to the
omkron
stem
according to the nouns grammatical function in the sentence.
§7.1.5 Case function.
Translation of case function is independent of a
substantives gender. Therefore, the manner in which the different cases
are translated will be identical, regardless if the substantive is masculine,
feminine, or neuter, or to which declension a substantive belongs (first,
second, or third). The masculine and feminine nouns on the next page
illustrate the translation of case function. If a substantive is in the
nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, or the vocative case, it will be
translated the same whether the gender is masculine or feminine.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 2)
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