(Gardening) Growing Table Grapes In A Temperate Climate, ogrodnictwo
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Extension Bulletin E-2774 • New • January 2002
Growing Table Grapes
in a Temperate Climate
Thomas J. Zabadal
Department of Horticulture
Graphics by Diane Dings
Illustrations by Laurel Breyen
MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY
EXTENSION
Acknowledgments
with growing table grapes in the temperate climates of New York and
Michigan. Many growers in New York and Michigan were involved in
experiments, trials, demonstrations and commercial table grape production on
their farms. Dr. Bruce Reisch, Dr. Jim Moore, Elmer Swenson and Dr. Helen
Fisher provided table grape plant material to be planted at the Southwest
Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC). Dr. Stan Howell,
Dr. Dave Miller and Dr. Charles Edson made the first plantings of table grapes
at SWMREC. Many SWMREC staff members — including Jim Ertman, Gaylord
Brunke, Fred Froehlich, Tom Dittmer and Cassie Meier — have contributed to
the management of table grapes planted at SWMREC. Thanks to Diane Dings
and Laurel Breyen for contributing computer graphics and illustrations, respec-
tively. Those contributing helpful comments on the manuscript include Jeanne
VanNewenhizen, Wayne Baker, Joe Herman, Jordan Tatter, Al Lange, Dr. Jim
Flore, Dr. Garth Cahoon, Dr. Stan Howell, Dr. Don Ramsdell, Dr. Ron Perry and
Dr. Nick Dookozlian. An anonymous donor provided significant funding to
defray the cost of publishing this manuscript. The Michigan Agricultural
Experiment Station has funded many table grape projects that have contributed
information in this publication. Thanks to MSU ANR Communications staff
members Alicia Burnell, Leslie Johnson and Ken Fettig for editorial, graphic
design and print production coordination.
Diane Dings deserves special recognition for guiding the manuscript through
numerous stages. Her dedication made this publication possible.
Products are mentioned in this publication for informational purposes only, and
such mention does not constitute endorsement by Michigan State University or
imply discrimination against unmentioned products. Individuals should check
current product registrations of all materials before purchase and use.
2
T
his publication results from more than a quarter century of experience
Table of Contents
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Vineyard Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Insect and Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Strategies for a Pesticide Spray Program. . . . . . . 23
Controlling Animal Depredation
in Table Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Section I – The Structure of a Grapevine
. . . . . 4
Shoots, Laterals, Trunks, Arms and Cordons . . . . 4
Nodes, Internodes, Fruiting Canes
and Fruiting Spurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Renewal Zone, Renewal Spurs
and Vine Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Suckers and Trunk Renewals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section IV – Special Practices to
Produce Quality Table Grapes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Crop Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Flower Cluster Thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Cluster Thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Berry Thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Gibberellic Acid Sprays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Girdling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Shoot Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Brushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Shoot Topping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Section II – Getting Started
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Selecting, Designing and Preparing
a Vineyard Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Selecting Grape Varieties to Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Planting and Care of Young Vines . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section III – Cultural Practices
For Managing Mature Grapevines
. . . . . . . . . . 13
Grapevine Training Systems for
Table Grape Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Modified Munson Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Modified 4-Arm Kniffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Hudson River Umbrella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fan Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Arbor Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Pruning Vines for Table Grape Production . . . . . 18
Pruning Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Selecting Fruiting Canes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Steps in Pruning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Spring Vineyard Chores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Section V – Harvest, Storage and
Marketing of Table Grapes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Harvesting Table Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Storing Table Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Marketing Table Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Appendix A – Available Publications
. . . . . . . . 40
Appendix B – Sources of Materials
for Table Grape Production
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3
Introduction
in the United States. Annual per capita con-
sumption of table grapes in the United States
has quadrupled over the past quarter century. It now
exceeds 7 pounds per person, and grapes rank fourth
after bananas, apples and oranges. Improved storage
technology and extensive winter importation now
make table grapes available year round.
grape production. These may include frost-free grow-
ing seasons of 165 days or less, winter minimum tem-
peratures of -5ºF or lower, and growing season heat
accumulations of 3,000 growing degree-days or less
(base 50ºF). Breeding programs have developed table
grape varieties well suited to temperate climates. With
the proper varieties and good management, it is possi-
ble to grow flavorful, high quality table grapes. This
publication guides growers to that goal and comple-
ments several other publications in this series:
Vineyard Establishment (Zabadal, 1997; Zabadal and
Andresen, 1997), Table Grape Varieties for Michigan
(Zabadal et al., 1997) and Pest Control in Small
Vineyards (Zabadal, 1999). Sources of these publica-
tions are listed in Appendix A.
Though the major U.S. table grape production regions
are in warm climates such as the San Joaquin Valley
of California, many areas with temperate climates
have potential for exciting and profitable production of
flavorful table grapes. Temperate climates are those
that may have a warm growing season but have other
temperature-related characteristics that challenge
Section I – The Structure of a Grapevine
W
hether you are a backyard viticulturist with
trunk divides into branches, these branches are called
arms
. Arms are rough-barked portions of the vine
other than the trunk(s). Sometimes a trunk is bent so
a horizontal arm runs along a trellis wire. This hori-
zontal arm is then called a
cordon
(Fig. 1f). New vine
growth begins each year with
primary shoots
, which
are the elongating green tissues with leaves. Primary
shoots often develop side branches, which are called
lateral shoots
. As a vine matures in the latter part of
the growing season, shoots become woody from their
base outward. After the leaves fall from the vine, these
smooth, tan or brown woody vine parts are called
canes
. Lateral shoots that become woody are called
lateral canes
or simply
laterals
(Fig. 1f). As the
shoots are maturing into woody canes in the latter
part of the growing season, the canes from the previ-
Shoots, Laterals, Trunks,
Arms and Cordons
The structure of a grapevine is really quite simple.
Trunks and arms are the rough-barked, semi-perma-
nent woody parts of the vine. A
trunk
is easy to iden-
tify because it originates at or near the ground like the
trunks on other woody plants (Fig. 1a). There can be
one, two or several trunks on a grapevine. When a
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able grapes have become a very popular fruit
no grape growing experience or a veteran
grape grower, all efforts to grow table grapes
must begin with an understanding of the aboveground
structure of a grapevine.
Section 1 — The Structure of a Grapevine
Figure 1
a
See Fig. 1b
b
Double trunks
on new
grapevine
This cane will
probably be
girdled by the
twine and should
not be used.
c
This cane kept because it is pliable enough to be
bent in the other direction.
nodes
d
Tight twine or
twist tie at end
of cordon
Loose twist tie
along the cordon
Triangular twine tie to
hold trunks together
30”
internodes
30”
Renewal spur
serves as a source
of canes if it
becomes necessary
to replace the
cordon.
renewal spur
loose twine tie
Loose twine tie
66”
66”
Double trunks
e
Fig. 1
– Steps to training a grapevine to
the Hudson River umbrella (HRU) train-
ing system:
(a)
an unpruned double-
trunked vine after its second year of
growth;
(b)
an expanded view of the top
of a 2-year-old trunk indicating that the
cane at the top will probably not be
useful because it will be girdled by the
twine;
(c)
vine after pruning to retain the
long canes to establish cordons and
renewal spurs;
(d)
vine after being tied
to the trellis;
(e)
unpruned vine after its
third growing season;
(f)
(see next
page) vine after it is pruned and tied in
preparation for its fourth growing sea-
son and those thereafter.
30”
These canes are
vertically oriented
because they
were shoot
positioned.
66”
5
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